Dziko: Mongolia
Mtundu wa Kasitomala: Malo odyera ng'ombe za ng'ombe ndi nkhosa apakatikati (ng'ombe 8,500 zamutu, nkhosa 12,000, malo odyera mpaka kumapeto)
Mtundu wa Chakudya: Ma pellets a chakudya chodyetsedwa bwino (chochokera ku ufa wa barele, tirigu, udzu, rapseed)
Zipangizo: Hongyang HYPM-508 ring die pellet mill yokhala ndi conditioner yotalikirapo, SFSP hammer mill, twin-shaft paddle mixer, counter-flow cooler
Kutulutsa Chakudya Pachaka: matani 22,000
Zotsatira Zazikulu: PDI yakwera kuchoka pa 86.2% kufika pa 94.6%; kulemera kwa tsiku ndi tsiku m'nyengo yozizira kwawonjezeka ndi 15% (kuchokera pa 0.72 mpaka 0.83 kg patsiku la ng'ombe); ndalama zogulira chakudya pachaka zapulumutsa pafupifupi MNT 87 miliyoni
Chiyambi
Gawo la ziweto ku Mongolia ndilo maziko a chuma cha dziko, ndipo gulu la ziweto likufika 64.7 miliyoni pofika mu 2023, lomwe limayang'aniridwa kwambiri kudzera mu udzu wachikhalidwe m'malo odyetsera ziweto okwana mahekitala 112 miliyoni mdzikolo. Komabe, dongosolo lalikululi likukumana ndi mavuto ambiri. Banki Yachitukuko ya Asian Development Bank idazindikira kudyetsa ziweto mopitirira muyeso ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ngati zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa ziweto, ponena kuti kuchuluka kwa ziweto kumaposa mphamvu zonyamulira m'madera onse - kuyambira 106% kumadzulo mpaka 2,672% yosakhazikika mu khonde la Ulaanbaatar. Lipoti la ADB lidawonetsa gawo la ziweto ku Mongolia ngati lomwe likugwira ntchito motsatira njira ya "wogwiritsa ntchito ndi wosamalira" osati njira ya "wopanga ndi wobereketsa", pomwe abusa amawona kuchuluka kwa ziweto ngati njira yosungira ndalama m'malo mongoyang'ana kwambiri pakupanga phindu pa munthu aliyense.
Chochitika cha "dzud" — nyengo yozizira kwambiri pambuyo pa chilimwe chouma, chomwe chimadziwika ndi chipale chofewa chakuya, kuphimba kwa ayezi, ndi kutentha komwe kumatsika pansi pa -40°C — chakhala chikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Pakati pa 2000 ndi 2023, Mongolia idakumana ndi zochitika zazikulu zisanu ndi chimodzi za dzud. Nyengo yozizira ya 2023-2024 yokha idapangitsa kuti ziweto ziwonongeke zopitilira mitu 5.9 miliyoni, zomwe zidakulirakulira pakati pa ziweto zomwe zidalowa m'nyengo yozizira zili ndi thupi loipa chifukwa cha kusadya mokwanira. Njira yopititsira patsogolo ya Masomphenya a 2050 ku Mongolia ikuwonetsa bwino kusintha "kuchokera ku kuchuluka kwa ziweto kupita ku zokolola zonse," ndi Gawo 1 (2021-2030) likulunjika pakupanga chakudya chamakono ngati maziko.
Ntchito yodyetsa ziweto yapakatikati ku Töv Province, pafupifupi makilomita 120 kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Ulaanbaatar, inazindikira kufunika kwa kusinthaku. Ntchitoyi inasunga ng'ombe za ng'ombe 8,500 ndi nkhosa 12,000 pa njira yopangira udzu, pofunafuna udzu kuchokera ku mahekitala 170,000 a udzu woperekedwa m'nyengo yozizira. Pambuyo pa kutayika kwa dzud kwa 2023-2024, gulu loyang'anira linaganiza kuti kudalira udzu wokha m'nyengo yozizira sikunalinso kotheka. Anafuna kukhazikitsa malo osungiramo zakudya zomwe zingathe kugwira ntchito modalirika m'nyengo yozizira ya ku Mongolia, pamene kutentha kwa nyengo nthawi zambiri kumatsika kufika pa -30°C ndipo nthawi zina kufika pa -40°C.
Vuto
Malo odyera ziweto kale ankadyetsa ng'ombe m'nyengo yozizira ndi udzu wachilengedwe wowonjezeredwa ndi barele wosasunthika ndi chimanga cha tirigu, zomwe zinkagawidwa pamanja kawiri patsiku pogwiritsa ntchito zida zodyetsera zomwe zimakokedwa ndi thirakitala. Mavuto atatu ogwirizana adapangitsa kuti asankhe kuyika ndalama mu pellets:
Kuchepetsa thupi kwa nyengo. Zolemba zamkati kuyambira nthawi yozizira ya 2022-2023 ndi 2023-2024 zikuwonetsa kuchepa kwa kulemera kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa magalamu 180-220 pa mutu uliwonse patsiku panthawi ya miyezi isanu yozizira (Novembala mpaka Marichi). Ng'ombe zomwe zinayamba m'nyengo yozizira zinali ndi kulemera kwa 380-420 kg nthawi zambiri zinkapezeka mu Epulo pa 340-370 kg - kutayika konse kwa 40-50 kg pa nyama iliyonse kuyimira pafupifupi MNT 320,000-400,000 pamtengo wotsika pamsika pa mutu uliwonse pamitengo ya ng'ombe yomwe inalipo.
Kutaya chakudya. Kudyetsa udzu ndi tirigu mopanda mphamvu m'malo ouma chifukwa cha mphepo kunapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha kutayika kwa chakudya chikhale 25-30%, chifukwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tinkawomba m'malo odyetsera ziweto tisanayambe kudya. Nkhosa zinakhudzidwa kwambiri, ndipo tirigu wochepa wa barele unatayika m'chipale chofewa ndipo gululo silingathe kufikako.
Kusasinthasintha kwa chakudya chowonjezera. Ntchitoyi idayesa kugula chakudya chamitundu yosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku mphero pafupi ndi Ulaanbaatar nthawi yachisanu cha 2023, koma kulimba kwa ma pellets kunali kosakhazikika. Kusanthula kwa labotale kwa malo omwe adagulidwa kunawonetsa kuti Pellet Durability Index (PDI) ikusintha pakati pa 83% ndi 88%. Kuyenda kwa makilomita 120 a misewu yokonzedwa pang'ono ndi miyala - kuphatikiza kutentha kozizira komwe kumabweretsa ma pellets osakhazikika bwino - kunatanthauza kuti chindapusa pabedi lodyetsera nthawi zonse chimapitirira 18% polemera akafika.
Gulu la ziweto linalemba za momwe ng'ombe zomwe zimadya tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambirimbiri zinasonyeza kuchuluka kwa acidosis ya ruminal acidosis, yomwe mwina imayamba chifukwa cha kuwira mwachangu kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta chakudya chopanda chakudya chabwinobwino. Izi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku wodziwika bwino wa zakudya za ruminant zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kukhutitsidwa kwa ma pellets kumakhudza mwachindunji thanzi la rumen m'malo odyetsera ziweto.
Yankho la Hongyang
Mu Ogasiti 2025, Liyang Hongyang Feed Machinery Co., Ltd. idapereka ndikuyitanitsa chingwe chathunthu chopangira ma pellet chomwe chili pakati pa mphero ya HYPM-508 ring die pellet, yokonzedwa motere:
Mphero ya Pellet: HYPM-508, mota yayikulu ya 132 kW, 508 mm ring die inner diameter
Mphete Yopangira Chitsulo: Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri X46Cr13, chotsukira choumitsidwa ku HRC 54-56, mainchesi a dzenje la 6.0 mm, chiŵerengero cha kupsinjika 1:8.5
Dongosolo Lokonzetsera: Chokonzetsera chowonjezera cha magawo awiri chokhala ndi chotetezera jekete la nthunzi (nthawi yosungira masekondi 55-70, kutentha kwa mash 75-80°C pamalo olowera)
Zipangizo Zothandizira: Hongyang SFSP hammer mill (90 kW, 3.0 mm screen), twin-shaft paddle mixer (1,000 kg/batch), counter-flow cooler yokhala ndi insulated air intake
Kuchuluka kwa kapangidwe: 4.0-4.5 matani pa ola limodzi pa chakudya chonse cha nyama zolusa
Zisankho zitatu za uinjiniya zinakhala zofunika kwambiri kuti ntchito ya m'nyengo yozizira iyende bwino:
Kapangidwe kake kozizira. Nyengo yozizira ya ku Mongolia imatanthauza kuti tirigu wosungidwa m'malo osatenthedwa amatha kufika -25°C kapena kutsika panthawi yodyetsa. Ma conditioner wamba okhala ndi gawo limodzi lokha omwe amasunga masekondi 20-30 sangabweretse kutentha kwa gelatinization. Gulu la mainjiniya la Hongyang linasankha conditioner yowonjezera yokhala ndi magawo awiri yokhala ndi nthawi yogwira ntchito yosunga masekondi 55-70 ndi jakisoni wa nthunzi pa 5.0 bar — yokwera kuposa bar wamba wa 3.5-4.0 womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo otentha. Jekete la conditioner linakulungidwa ndi insulation ya ubweya wa mineral wa 50 mm ndipo linakutidwa ndi chitsulo cholimba kuti achepetse kutaya kutentha. Panthawi yoyeserera pa -28°C, makinawa nthawi zonse ankafika kutentha kwa gelatinization ya 75-80°C pamalo olowera chakudya, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti gelatinization ya starch ikhale 35-38% monga momwe zatsimikiziridwa ndi mayeso a ayodini.
Kukonza bwino kwa chiŵerengero cha kupsinjika kwa mphete pa zakudya zodyetsera nyama. Kapangidwe ka chakudya cha ntchitoyi — 35% barele, 20% tirigu, 25% udzu wachilengedwe (wophikidwa mpaka 3.0 mm), 15% ufa wa rapeseed, 5% mineral-vitamin premix — kanapereka mawonekedwe ovuta a pellets. Kuchuluka kwa ulusi wochokera ku udzu ndi nkhono kumachepetsa kumangidwa kwachilengedwe, pomwe kupukutidwa kolimba komwe kumakondedwa ndi zakudya zodyetsera nyama (1.5-2.5 mm) kumapereka malo ochepa oti starch ilowetsedwe poyerekeza ndi zakudya za nkhuku zophikidwa bwino. Gulu lofunsira la Hongyang linachita mayeso a masiku anayi pamalopo ndi kapangidwe kake ka nyengo yozizira, kuyesa kuchuluka kwa kupsinjika kwa 1:7, 1:8.5, ndi 1:10. Chiŵerengero cha 1:8.5 — pogwiritsa ntchito die ya 6.0 mm yokhala ndi kutalika kogwira mtima kwa 51 mm — chinapereka mulingo woyenera: PDI ya 94.6% (njira ya Holmen, yoyesedwa pambuyo pa kuzizira kwa maola 24 pa -30°C kuti iyerekezere momwe zinthu zilili m'nyengo yozizira) ndi mphamvu yeniyeni yogwiritsira ntchito ya 22.4 kWh/tonne pa injini ya pellet mill. Chiŵerengero cha 1:10 chinawonjezera pang'ono PDI kufika pa 95.8% koma chinakweza mphamvu yeniyeni kufika pa 27.1 kWh/tonne, kuwonjezeka kwa 21% komwe kapangidwe ka mphamvu ya jenereta ya dizilo ya ntchito sikunathe kunyamula. Chiŵerengero cha 1:7 chinapanga PDI ya 89.3% yokha, pansi pa cholinga chochepa cha 90% cha ntchito.
Njira yokonzekera kutentha kwa die yosazizira. Nthawi iliyonse yozizira isanayambe, die ndi ma rollers ankatenthedwa bwino poyendetsa mphero popanda katundu ndipo nthunzi imadutsa mu conditioner kwa mphindi 25-30, zomwe zinkakweza kutentha kwa die kufika pa 28-32°C musanayambe kugwiritsa ntchito phala loyamba. Njirayi - yolembedwa mu njira yoyendetsera ntchito ya chilankhulo cha Chimongoliya (SOP) yomwe idapangidwa pamodzi ndi mainjiniya a ku Hongyang ndi gulu losamalira malo odyetserako ziweto - inachotsa zochitika zotseka die zomwe zidadziwika kuti ndizoopsa panthawi yowunikira kapangidwe kake.
Zotsatira
Pambuyo pa miyezi khumi ndi iwiri yogwira ntchito, kuphatikizapo nyengo yonse yachisanu (Novembala 2025 mpaka Marichi 2026), zolemba zamkati za zoweta ziweto ndi zolemba za ziweto zalembedwa izi:
Kusintha kwa Metric Pre-Hongyang (Nyengo yozizira 2023-2024) Pambuyo pa Hongyang (Nyengo yozizira 2025-2026)
— — — — —
Pellet Durability Index (PDI) 86.2% (chakudya chogulidwa) 94.6% (pamalopo) +8.4 points
Chindapusa cha chakudya pabedi 18.3% 5.1% -13.2 points
Ng'ombe zimapeza phindu tsiku ndi tsiku m'nyengo yozizira -0.18 kg/tsiku (kuchepa) +0.83 kg/tsiku (kuwonjezeka) +1.01 kg/tsiku
Nkhosa zimapeza phindu tsiku ndi tsiku m'nyengo yozizira -0.06 kg/tsiku (kuchepa) +0.19 kg/tsiku (kuwonjezeka) +0.25 kg/tsiku ukonde
Chiŵerengero cha kutayika kwa chakudya 27% 6% -21 points
Mphamvu yeniyeni ya chigayo cha pellet — 22.4 kWh/tani —
Mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphete ndi ma toni 7,200 (yopitilira) —
Mtengo wa chakudya cha pachaka (22,000 t) MNT 3.41 biliyoni MNT 3.32 biliyoni -MNT 87 miliyoni
Kusintha kuchoka pa kuchepetsa thupi m'nyengo yozizira kupita ku kuwonjezeka kwa thupi m'nyengo yozizira ndi zotsatira zofunika kwambiri pazachuma. Kwa ng'ombe zokha, kusintha kuchoka pa kutaya makilogalamu 0.18 patsiku kupita ku kupeza makilogalamu 0.83 patsiku m'masiku 150 a nyengo yozizira kukuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa pafupifupi makilogalamu 151 pa mutu uliwonse - zofanana ndi kulemera kwina komwe kungagulitsidwe komwe kuli pafupifupi MNT 1.2 miliyoni pa nyama iliyonse pamitengo ya ng'ombe yogulitsa mu Epulo 2026. Pa ng'ombe 8,500, phindu la pachaka lomwe likuyembekezeredwa kupitilira MNT 10 biliyoni.
Kuchepetsa kutayika kwa chakudya kuchokera pa 27% mpaka 6% - kukwera kwa 21% - kumabweretsa gawo lalikulu la ndalama zokwana MNT 87 miliyoni pachaka zomwe zimawononga chakudya. Mtundu wa pellet unathetsa vuto la kutayika kwa mphepo lomwe linkavutitsa udzu wotayirira ndi tirigu m'malo otseguka, pomwe kulimba bwino kunapangitsa kuti pellets ikhalebe bwino kudzera mu kugawa kwa makina owuma ndi kuzizira.
Mzerewu unatha matani 7,200 a mphamvu pofika mu June 2026 ndipo unapitirizabe kugwira ntchito, ndipo miyeso ya kuvala kwa borebore panthawi yowunikira mwezi uliwonse ikuwonetsa mawonekedwe ofanana a kuvala mkati mwa malire omwe Hongyang akuyembekezeka kusintha a matani 8,500-9,000 - mogwirizana ndi momwe kampaniyo idagwirira ntchito pankhani ya kuzizira kwa nyengo ku Estonia.
Ndemanga za Makasitomala
Batbayar Ganbold, woyang'anira ntchito za malo odyetsera ziweto, adafotokoza za polojekitiyi mu ndemanga ya June 2026:
"Tinaganizira za zida zochokera kwa ogulitsa aku China, Europe, ndi Russia. Hongyang adapambana pakukonzekera zaukadaulo. Mainjiniya awo adakhala sabata imodzi pamalopo tisanasainire panganoli, kuyesa kuchuluka kwa chinyezi cha barele, kuyesa mawonekedwe athu opera udzu, ndikusanthula zolemba zathu za kutentha kwa nyengo yozizira kuchokera m'zaka zisanu zapitazi. Anabweranso ndi chiŵerengero cha ring die compression ndi conditioner specifications zomwe zidawerengedwa makamaka pazinthu zathu zopangira ndi nyengo yathu - osati malangizo a kabukhu. Palibe wogulitsa wina amene anachita homuweki imeneyo."
Ganbold adanena kuti chiwerengero cha imfa m'malo odyetsera ziweto m'nyengo yozizira — chomwe chinafika pa 6.2% panthawi ya dzud ya 2023-2024 — chinatsika kufika pa 1.7% mu 2025-2026, zomwe adati makamaka chifukwa cha ziweto zomwe zimalowa ndikukhala ndi thanzi labwino pa chakudya chonse chophikidwa. Anawonjezera kuti malo odyetsera ziweto awonjezera mphamvu zake zomaliza ndi mitu 2,000 ndipo adalangiza Hongyang kuti akagwire ntchito yoyandikana nayo ku Selenge Province yomwe ikukumana ndi mavuto ofanana ndi omwewo a chakudya m'nyengo yozizira.
Mapeto
Nkhani ya ku Töv Province ikuwonetsa kuti kuyika mapellets a chakudya chamagulu pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wopangidwa bwino wa ring die kungasinthe kwambiri kayendetsedwe ka ziweto m'nyengo yozizira kwambiri ku Mongolia. HYPM-508 ya Hongyang idapereka mapellets a chakudya cha ziweto chokhazikika komanso cholimba kwambiri m'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yotsatizana yachisanu ndi kutentha kozungulira kufika -35°C, zomwe zidathandiza kuti ntchitoyi isinthe kuchepa kwa kulemera kwa nyengo kukhala kuwonjezeka kwa kulemera kosalekeza. Mizati itatu yaukadaulo yopambana - kukonza bwino zinthu zozizira, kufananiza bwino kwa zakudya zozizira, komanso njira zogwirira ntchito zopirira kuzizira - zimapereka chithunzithunzi chobwerezabwereza cha kusintha kwa chakudya cha ziweto ku Mongolia pansi pa Vision 2050.
Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsanso phunziro lalikulu la kugula zida zodyetsera ziweto popititsa patsogolo chuma cha ziweto: kufunika kwa uinjiniya wogwiritsira ntchito kumaposa zomwe zafotokozedwa mu kabukhu. Pamene msika wa chakudya cha ziweto ku Mongolia ukukula — 6Wresearch ikukonzekera kuti gawoli likule pang'onopang'ono mpaka chaka cha 2031, chifukwa cha mfundo za boma zolimbikitsira kupanga kwambiri — ogulitsa zida omwe amaika ndalama mu kusanthula kapangidwe kake pamalopo ndi uinjiniya wokhudzana ndi nyengo adzakhala pamalo abwino othandizira kusintha kwa dzikolo kuchoka ku udzu wambiri kupita ku machitidwe opatsa thanzi komanso olimba.
Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-27-2026
