Chidule cha akuluakulu
Mexico ndi dziko lachisanu ndi chimodzi padziko lonse lapansi lomwe limapanga mazira ambiri, limapanga matani 3.27 miliyoni a mazira mu 2024, ndipo lili ndi mbiri yapadziko lonse yogwiritsa ntchito mazira pa munthu aliyense pa mazira 392 pa munthu aliyense pachaka. Kumbuyo kwa ziwerengerozi kuli makampani opanga chakudya cha ziweto omwe amapanga matani 7.7 miliyoni a chakudya cha ziweto chaka chilichonse - gawo lachiwiri lalikulu kwambiri la chakudya chonse cha ziweto ku Mexico chomwe chimabala matani 41 miliyoni. Pa ntchito za ziweto za ziweto, kusasinthasintha kwa chakudya sikofunikira: kusinthasintha kwa mtundu wa pellet kumakhudza mwachindunji kukula kwa dzira, mphamvu ya chipolopolo, ndi kuchuluka kwa nkhuku.
Kafukufukuyu akuwunika fakitole yogulitsa zakudya zopatsa mazira ku Jalisco, boma lalikulu kwambiri ku Mexico lomwe limapanga mazira, lomwe linalowa m'malo mwa makina osungira mazira okalamba ndi makina osungira mazira a Hongyang ring kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2025. Kwa miyezi 12, makinawa adasunga matani 8 a metric pa ola limodzi ndi pellet durability index (PDI) nthawi zonse pamwamba pa 94%, kuchepetsa nthawi yopuma ndi pafupifupi 30%, ndipo adanenanso kuti kukula kwa mazira kwawonjezeka kwambiri kuchokera kwa makasitomala ake ophatikizana.
1. Makampani Ogulitsa Mazira ku Mexico: Kukula ndi Kufunika Kwake
Gawo la nkhuku ku Mexico ndi mzati wa chitetezo cha chakudya cha dziko. Nkhuku zoyamwitsa zokwana 173 miliyoni zomwe zili m'dzikolo - gulu lalikulu kwambiri la ziweto ku Latin America - zimabereka mazira omwe amadyedwa pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Malinga ndi bungwe la Mexican Poultry Producers Association (UNA), munthu wamba wa ku Mexico amadya mazira 392 pachaka, patsogolo kwambiri pa Colombia yomwe ili pamalo achiwiri yokhala ndi mazira 291.
Makampaniwa ali pakati pa makampani akuluakulu ogwirizana ndi mafakitale odziyimira pawokha komanso mafakitale odziyimira pawokha. PROAN, yokhala ndi mazira 34 miliyoni, ndi kampani yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Bachoco, mtsogoleri wa nkhuku zosiyanasiyana, amagwiritsa ntchito mazira 12.2 miliyoni pamodzi ndi bizinesi yake yayikulu yogulitsa nkhuku. Empresas Guadalupe, El Calvario, ndi Gena Agropecuaria iliyonse imayang'anira mazira 10 miliyoni kapena kuposerapo. Pansi pa makampani akuluakulu awa, mafakitale ambiri odyetsera ziweto apakatikati amapereka minda yodziyimira pawokha ku Jalisco, Guanajuato, Puebla, ndi Nuevo León.
Makampani opanga chakudya ku Mexico adapanga matani 41 miliyoni mu 2024, omwe ali pa nambala 5 padziko lonse lapansi pambuyo pa China, United States, Brazil, ndi India, malinga ndi Mexican Feed Council (Confab). Chakudya cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana chimapanga matani 7.7 miliyoni - pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a chakudya chonse chopangidwa mdzikolo. Conafab ikukonzekera kukula kwa 2.8% pakupanga chakudya cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana mu 2025, kufika pafupifupi matani 7.9 miliyoni, chifukwa cha kufunikira kosalekeza kwa chakudya cham'nyumba komanso mwayi wotumiza kunja.
Mexico imatumiza pafupifupi 74% ya tirigu wake wodyetsa, makamaka chimanga chochokera ku United States, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale dziko lalikulu kwambiri lotumiza chimanga kwa ogulitsa aku US. Popeza zinthu zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja zikuwonjezera mtengo wa zinthu zopangira, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphero zodyetsa chakudya kwakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pampikisano.
2. Kasitomala: Mphero Yodyetsa Jalisco Layer
Mu kafukufukuyu, mpheroyi ndi malo ogulitsira omwe ali m'chigawo cha Los Altos ku Jalisco, dera lalikulu la Mexico lomwe limapanga mazira. Imapanga matani pafupifupi 2,500 a chakudya cha mazira pamwezi, zomwe zimathandiza ma famu odziyimira pawokha a mazira mkati mwa mtunda wa makilomita 100. mpheroyi imayendetsa mizere iwiri ya mphero - imodzi yoperekedwa ku chakudya cha magawo 1 (calcium yambiri, kapangidwe kolimba) ndi ina yogwiritsira ntchito zakudya za magawo 2 ndi 3.
Hongyang isanayambe kukhazikitsidwa kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2025, mpheroyi inali ikugwira ntchito kuchokera kwa ogulitsa aku Europe pa mzere wake woyamba wopangira, mphero ya pellet yoyesedwa ndi 8 t/h. Woyang'anira kukonza mpheroyi adanenanso za mavuto awiri omwe analipo nthawi zonse. Choyamba, nthawi yogwira ntchito inali itafupika kufika pa maola pafupifupi 2,500 ogwira ntchito - pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito ya mpheroyi - PDI isanatsike pansi pa 88%. Chachiwiri, mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu inali kusintha pakati pa 6.5 ndi 7.8 t/h kutengera kuwonongeka kwa mphero, kusokoneza nthawi yopangira komanso kukakamiza kusintha kwa nthawi yowonjezera panthawi yomwe anthu ambiri amafuna kwambiri.
Pa mphero yodyetsera nkhuku, PDI ndi yofunika mosiyana ndi ntchito ya nkhuku zoweta nkhuku. Nkhuku zoweta nkhuku zimadya chakudya kwa nthawi yayitali - nthawi zambiri masabata 52 mpaka 80 - ndipo ubwino wochepa wa pellets umabweretsa ndalama zambiri zomwe nkhuku zimapewa. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusalinganika kwa michere, kuchepa kwa kukula kwa dzira, komanso ndalama zochepa pa nkhuku iliyonse yomwe imasungidwa. Kafukufuku nthawi zonse amasonyeza kuti PDI yochepera 85% imagwirizana ndi kuchepa kwa kupanga nkhuku tsiku ndi tsiku komanso kulemera kwa dzira (Abadi et al., 2019; Abdollahi et al., 2013).
3. Njira ya Hongyang: Precision Ring Die Engineering
Gulu logula zinthu la fakitaleyi linayesa ma ring dies ochokera kwa opanga atatu asanasankhe Hongyang. Zofunikira pakuwunika zinali: kukhala ndi moyo wautali pansi pa calcium yambiri, zakudya zokhwima; kukhazikika kwa throughput pa moyo wonse wa ntchito ya dies; ndi luso lothandizira laukadaulo la wogulitsayo pakuwongolera kuchuluka kwa compression ratio.
Hongyang adapereka lingaliro la mphete yopangidwa mwamakonda yokhala ndi izi:
Yogwirizana ndi chitsanzo cha mphero ya pellet yomwe ilipo
Yakonzedwa bwino kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pa zakudya za gawo loyamba zokhala ndi calcium 3.8–4.2% ndi mapuloteni osaphika 15–16%
Kapangidwe ka mpumulo wa magawo ambiri kuti muchepetse kutentha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu
Chitsulo cha aloyi chapamwamba cha chromium chokhala ndi vacuum hardness mpaka Rockwell hardness 58–62 HRC
Yopukutidwa ndi galasi mpaka Ra ≤ 0.4 μm
Kusankha chiŵerengero cha kupsinjika kunali kofunika kwambiri. Zakudya zokhala ndi calcium yambiri (nthawi zambiri 3.5–4.5%) kuchokera ku zowonjezera za limestone ndi oyster shell, zomwe zimakhala zokwawa mwachibadwa ndipo zimathandizira kuwonongeka kwa kufa. Chiŵerengero cha kupsinjika chomwe chili chochepa kwambiri chimapanga ma pellets ofooka; okwera kwambiri amatulutsa kutentha kwambiri, mavitamini ndi ma amino acid omwe amawononga kutentha. Gulu la akatswiri la Hongyang linagwira ntchito ndi katswiri wazakudya za mphero kuti apereke chitsanzo chabwino cha L/D kutengera kuchuluka kwa mafuta, kuchuluka kwa ulusi, ndi kufalikira kwa tinthu.
Ma die adapangidwa ku Hongyang's facility ku Liyang, Jiangsu, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zobowolera mfuti za CNC ndi mizere yoyeretsera kutentha kwa vacuum. Die iliyonse idatsimikiziridwa ndi PDI pa test pellet mill yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito zakudya zoyimira layer isanatumizidwe.
4. Zotsatira: Deta Yogwira Ntchito ya Miyezi 12
Ma ring dies a ku Hongyang adakhazikitsidwa mu February 2025. Kampaniyo idatsata miyezo yofunika kwambiri ya magwiridwe antchito m'miyezi 12 yotsatira ndipo idawayerekeza ndi nthawi ya miyezi 12 yapitayo ndi ma dies aku Europe.
| Chiyerekezo | Pre-Hongyang (2024) | Post-Hongyang (2025) | Kusintha |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kuchuluka kwapakati | 7.1 t/h | 8.0 t/h | +12.7% |
| Kukhazikika kwa ma throughput (kuchuluka) | 6.5–7.8 t/h | 7.8–8.2 t/h | Kupatuka pakati |
| PDI (avereji ya mwezi uliwonse) | 89.2% | 94.6% | +5.4 pp |
| Moyo wautumiki wakufa | ~ maola 2,500 | > Maola 3,200 (opitilira) | + 28% yocheperako |
| Nthawi yopuma yosakonzekera | ~Maola 18 pamwezi | ~Maola 12/mwezi | -33% |
| Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu (kWh/t) | 16.8 | 15.1 | -10.1% |
Kupindula kwakukulu kwa ntchito kunali kukhazikika kwa mphamvu zamagetsi. Ndi ma dies am'mbuyomu, mphamvu zopangira zinachepa kwambiri patatha maola pafupifupi 1,200 ogwira ntchito pamene kutayika kwa mabowo kunakula, zomwe zinachepetsa mphamvu ya kupsinjika. Ma dies a ku Hongyang adasunga mawonekedwe a mabowo motsatizana bwino kwambiri patatha maola 3,000, zomwe zinalola kuti mphero izigwira ntchito nthawi imodzi moyenera - kuchotsa kufunika kwa nthawi yowonjezera ndikuchepetsa ndalama zogwirira ntchito.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kwatsika ndi pafupifupi 10%, chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka mabowo opumulirako omwe amachepetsa kukana kukangana panthawi yopangidwa kwa ma pellet. Pamitengo yamagetsi yamafakitale ku Mexico - pakati pa okwera kwambiri ku Latin America - izi zikutanthauza kuti ndalama zomwe zimasungidwa pamwezi zimayesedwa.
Laboratory yowongolera khalidwe la mpheroyo inanena kuti PDI inali ndi avareji ya 94.6% pa zitsanzo za mwezi uliwonse, poyerekeza ndi 89.2% kale. Chiwerengero cha zilango pa chipata cha famu chinatsika kuchoka pa 6.5% kufika pansi pa 3%, muyeso wofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito zogawa pomwe zilango zimayimira kutayika kwachuma komanso zomwe zingayambitse magwiridwe antchito osalingana.
5. Ndemanga za Makasitomala ndi Zotsatira Zake
Woyang'anira wamkulu wa fakitaleyo adawona kusintha kwa zinthu zitatu kupitirira miyezo ya kuchuluka:
Madandaulo a makasitomala okhudza ubwino wa ma pellets — makamaka kuwonongeka kwa chakudya m'makina odyetsera okha — adatsika kwambiri. Feriyi imatumikira minda pogwiritsa ntchito ma chain feeders ndi ma pan feeders, onse omwe amachititsa kuti ma pellets azivutika ndi makina. PDI yokwera inatanthauza kuti ndalama zochepa zomwe zimasonkhana m'migolo yodyetsera ziweto, kuchepetsa zinyalala ndi ntchito yoyeretsa alimi.
Makasitomala angapo ophatikizana a zigawo adanena kuti kulemera kwa dzira kumakhala kofanana, zomwe adanena kuti zimatheka chifukwa cha kudya chakudya nthawi zonse. Ngakhale kuti mpheroyi siilamulira zinthu zomwe zimachitika pafamu monga nyumba, mpweya wabwino, kapena kasamalidwe ka thanzi, mgwirizano pakati pa ubwino wa ma pellets okhazikika ndi magwiridwe antchito okhazikika a ziweto za nkhuku walembedwa bwino m'mabuku a sayansi ya nkhuku.
Gulu lokonza makina layamikira kuchepa kwa kusintha kwa makina. Kusintha kulikonse kwa makina kumafuna maola 4-6 kuti makinawo asamagwire ntchito kuti achotsedwe, kutsukidwa, ndi kukonzedwanso. Kutalikitsa nthawi ya makinawo ndi osachepera 28% kunatanthauza kuti pasakhale kusokonezeka komanso kuti nthawi yokonza makinawo ikhale yodziwikiratu.
6. Nkhani ya Makampani: Chifukwa Chake Kupanga Chakudya Chokhazikika N'kofunika
Mu makampani opikisana ku Mexico, chakudya chimayimira pafupifupi 60–70% ya ndalama zonse zopangira mazira. Popeza tirigu wochokera kunja umawerengera magawo atatu mwa anayi a zinthu zopangira komanso kusinthasintha kwa ndalama zosinthira, mphero sizingakwanitse kupanga zinthu zomwe zimawononga zinthu zolowetsa kapena kuwononga ubwino wa zokolola.
Makampani 623 odyetsera zakudya ku Mexico — 230 ophatikizidwa ndi 393 amalonda — amagwira ntchito pafupifupi 86% ya mphamvu zawo zonse pamodzi zokwana matani 47.4 miliyoni, malinga ndi deta ya Conafab. Malire pakati pa ntchito yopindulitsa ndi kutayika nthawi zambiri amatsimikiziridwa ndi kudalirika kwa zida ndi kusinthasintha kwa njira.
Kwa mafakitale ogulitsa omwe amapereka minda yodziyimira payokha, ubwino wa ma pellet ndi chinthu chomwe chimasiyanitsa mwachindunji. Alimi omwe amalandira ma pellet nthawi zonse komanso olimba amakhala ndi vuto lochepa la kutsekeka kwa njira yodyetsera, kutayika kochepa kwa chakudya, komanso kutulutsa mazira mofanana - zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti fakitole isasunge makasitomala.
7. Mapeto
Kafukufuku wa miyezi 12 uyu akuwonetsa kuti mphete yopangidwa mwaluso imafa - yokhala ndi ma compression ratios okonzedwa bwino, metallurgy yapamwamba, komanso ma multi-step hole geometry - imapereka kusintha koyezeka pakukhazikika kwa flowout, kulimba kwa pellet, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera popanga chakudya cha layer.
Kwa Hongyang, kukhazikitsa kwa Jalisco kumatsimikizira njira ya kampaniyo yogwiritsira ntchito mainjiniya a die omwe makasitomala amawagwiritsa ntchito. M'malo mopereka ma ring dies ofanana ndi onse, njira ya Hongyang yosankha ma compression ratio ogwirizana ndi kapangidwe ka die imathetsa mavuto enieni a mtundu uliwonse wa chakudya - pankhaniyi, zakudya zokhala ndi calcium yambiri komanso zowononga.
Kuyambira pamenepo, fakitaleyi yalamula ma ring dies a mzere wake wachiwiri wopanga ndipo ikuyang'ana zomwe Hongyang imapereka kuti ipititse patsogolo magwiridwe antchito a pellet mill.
Magwero ndi Maumboni
- Bungwe la Chakudya ndi Ulimi (FAO). Kupangidwa kwa Mazira Onse — Mexico, 2024. Helgi Library / FAOSTAT.
- Consejo Nacional de Fabricantes de Alimentos Balanceados (Conafab). Mexican Feed Industry Year Compendium, 2024-2025. Adanenedwa kudzera pa Feed Strategy.
- Unión Nacional de Avicultores (UNA). Mexican Poultry Producers Association - Layer Population and Per Capita Consumption Data.
- Watt Global Media / Industria Avicola. Makampani Apamwamba a Mazira ku Mexico, 2019-2020 Rankings.
- Abadi et al. (2019). Kulimba kwa mapeyala ndi magwiridwe antchito a nkhuku: Kusanthula kwa meta.Sayansi ya Nkhuku.
- Abdollahi et al. (2013). Kuchepetsa zakudya za nkhuku: Chidule chogogomezera ubwino wa nkhuku ndi zakudya zomwe zimafunika.Sayansi ndi Ukadaulo wa Zakudya za Zinyama.
- Amerah et al. (2007). Kukula kwa tinthu ta chakudya: Zotsatira zake pa kugaya chakudya ndi momwe nkhuku imagwirira ntchito.Nyuzipepala ya Sayansi ya Nkhuku Padziko Lonse.
- Cutlip et al. (2008). Zotsatira za ubwino wa ma pellets a zakudya pa ntchito ya nkhuku.Magazini Yofufuza za Nkhuku Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-30-2026
