Chidule
Belarus, monga membala wa Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), ikupitilizabe kusintha mphamvu zake zopangira chakudya cha nkhuku. Mtengo wopangira chakudya umawerengera 50–60% ya mtengo wonse wa zinthu zomwe ziweto zimawononga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ukadaulo wogwira ntchito bwino wopangira ma pellet ukhale wofunikira kwambiri. Nkhaniyi ikuwunika makhalidwe aukadaulo a ma ring die pellet mills omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito podyetsa nkhuku, makamaka pakubowola mabowo molondola komanso momwe amakhudzira kulimba kwa ma pellet. Ikuwunikiranso momwe opanga ma ring die apadera—omwe awonetsedwa ndi Liyang Hongyang Feed Machinery Co., Ltd.—akuwunikira zofunikira zaukadaulo ndi ziphaso pamsika waku Belarus.
1. Mbiri ya Makampani: Belarus ndi Msika wa Makina Ogulitsa Zakudya za EAEU
Belarus imatumiza gawo lalikulu la makina ake a zaulimi, kuphatikizapo zida zopangira chakudya. M'zaka zaposachedwa, makina akhala akuyikidwa m'gulu la magulu atatu apamwamba otumizira kunja, kutsata mafuta osakonzedwa ndi zida zoyendera. Mu dongosolo la EAEU, Belarus imagwiritsa ntchito msonkho wogwirizana wa misonkho, ndipo makina omwe amatumizidwa kuchokera ku China angapindule ndi mitengo yokwera mtengo motsatira Pangano la China-Eurasian Economic Union Economic and Trade Cooperation, bola ngati pali code yolondola ya HS (yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala 8436.10 ya makina opangira chakudya) ndi satifiketi yoyambira (Fomu E).
Kwa opera chakudya ku Belarus, kusankha mphero ya ring die pellet si chisankho chongogula—ndi ntchito yanthawi yayitali. Mphero ya ring die, monga gawo lofunika kwambiri, imatsimikizira mwachindunji ubwino wa mphero, momwe imagwiritsidwira ntchito mphamvu, komanso kuchuluka kwa momwe imakonzedwera.
2. Ubwino wa Pellet Yodyetsera Nkhuku: Magawo Aukadaulo ndi Muyeso
2.1 Chiyerekezo cha Kulimba kwa Pellet (PDI)
Ubwino wa mapellet pakupanga nkhuku umayesedwa mozama ndi Pellet Durability Index (PDI), yomwe imayesa kuchuluka kwa mapellets omwe atsala osawonongeka pambuyo poyesa kokhazikika. Njirayi ndi iyi:
1. Chitsanzo cha pellet yoziziritsidwa chimasefedwa kuti chichotse ndalama zomwe zilipo; kulemera kwa pre-tumble kumalembedwa ngati $W_{\text{before}}$.
2. Chitsanzocho chimagwetsedwa mu makina oyesera (monga Pfost kapena Holmen) kwa nthawi yoikika.
3. Pambuyo pogwa, chitsanzocho chimasefedwanso; ma pellets omwe sanagwe amayesedwa ($W_{\text{after}}$).
PDI (%) = \frac{W_{after}}{W_{before}} \times 100
Pa chakudya cha nkhuku za nkhuku, PDI ya ≥ 90–95% imaonedwa kuti ndi yovomerezeka pa malonda. PDI yapamwamba imagwirizana ndi kudya bwino, kulemera bwino, komanso kutsika kwa chiŵerengero cha kusintha kwa chakudya (FCR).
2.2 Kupereka kwa Kupanga ndi Kukonza
Mabuku aukadaulo amasonyeza kuti kupanga ndi kupukusa kumawerengera pafupifupi 60% ya ubwino wa ma pellet, pomwe njira yopukusa yokha imawonjezera 40% yotsalayo mkati mwa njira yopukusa, zinthu zitatu zimatha kulamulidwa ndi makina:
- Kukonza: Kutentha kwa nthunzi ndi nthawi yosungiramo zinthu zimapangitsa kuti chakudya cha nkhuku chikhale cholimba, chomwe ndi njira yayikulu yomangira chakudya cha nkhuku.
- Kufotokozera kwa Die: Chiŵerengero cha kupsinjika, kukula kwa dzenje, ndi kutha kwa pamwamba kumatsimikiza kuchuluka kwa pellet ndi PDI.
- Kuziziritsa: Kuziziritsa kosakwanira kumapangitsa kuti ma pellets asweke, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ma pellets asweke pambuyo poti asweka.
3. Ukadaulo Wopangira Mabowo Opangira Mphete: Pakati pa Ubwino wa Pellet
3.1 Magawo Opangira Mphete Zodyetsa Nkhuku za Broiler
| Chiyerekezo | Mtundu Wamba wa Chakudya cha Nkhuku | Chifukwa Chaukadaulo |
|————–|—————————-|——————|
| M'mimba mwake mwa dzenje | 2.5–4.0 mm | Yofanana ndi kukula kwa mlomo ndi ntchito ya chibwano cha nkhuku |
| Chiŵerengero cha kupsinjika (L/D) | 1:4 mpaka 1:11 | Kulinganiza kuchuluka kwa ma pellet ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu |
| Kulimba kwa cholinga | HRC 54–60 (mankhwala otenthetsera pambuyo pa kutentha) | Imaonetsetsa kuti imagwira ntchito bwino popanda kusweka |
| Kapangidwe ka zinthu | X46Cr13 / 4Cr13 kapena 20MnCr5 / 20CrMnTi | Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha chromium kapena alloy choteteza dzimbiri ndi kukana kuvala |
3.2 Njira Yopangira ndi Kulondola kwa Mabowo
Kupanga mphete yolondola kwambiri kumatsatira njira yotsatizana, ndipo kuboola mabowo akuya ndi gawo lovuta kwambiri paukadaulo.
1. Kusankha ndi kupangira zinthu: Mipiringidzo yozungulira yachitsulo choyera kwambiri imapangidwa kukhala mipiringidzo yopanda kanthu. Kupangira kumawongolera kapangidwe ka tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndikuwonjezera kulimba, komwe ndikofunikira kwambiri popirira kupsinjika kwa cyclic panthawi yopaka pellet.
2. Kutembenuza kolimba komanso komaliza: Makina opangira ma lathe a CNC amagwiritsa ntchito makina opangira ma forging kuti akhale ndi mainchesi amkati ndi akunja enieni.
3. Kukonzekera kuboola: Chokocho chimakhala pakati, ndipo zinthu zothandizira (mabowo oikira, makiyi) zimakonzedwa ndi makina.
4. Kuboola mabowo akuya (njira yaikulu): Mabowo ambirimbiri amabooledwa kudzera mu mphete yokhuthala. Opanga amakono amagwiritsa ntchito makina oboola mabowo akuya a CNC pogwiritsa ntchito BTA kapena zida zoboola mfuti. Njirazi zimapereka choziziritsira champhamvu kudzera mu shank yoboola kuti chizitsuka tchipisi mosalekeza, kuonetsetsa kuti mabowo ndi olunjika komanso mkati mwake muli bwino.
5. Kuboola (kuchepetsa kutsekeka kwa dzenje): Khomo la dzenje lililonse limakulitsidwa ndi chotchinga chozungulira kapena chopindika. Izi zimachepetsa kukangana ndi kupanikizika kwa die, zomwe zimathandiza kuti chakudya cha nkhuku zofewa chituluke bwino ndikuwonjezera nthawi yogwira ntchito ya die.
6. Kutenthetsa: Diyi imasinthidwa kukhala yabwinobwino, yofewa, komanso yozimitsidwa ndi vacuum. Kuzimitsidwa ndi vacuum ndikofunikira kwambiri pa diyi zachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kuti mupewe kukhuthala ndikukhalabe ndi malo oyera mkati. Cholinga chake ndi kuuma kofanana kwa HRC 54–60 popanda kupotoza kwambiri.
7. Kukonza ndi kupukuta komaliza: Pambuyo pokonza kutentha, chitoliro cha die ndi nkhope zake zimakhala zomalizidwa. Kupukuta kwa CNC kosankha kwa ma counterbore kumachepetsanso kukangana.
8. Kuwongolera khalidwe: Disiki iliyonse imayesedwa kuti ione ngati ili yolondola, yofanana ndi yolimba, komanso yomalizidwa bwino isanapakedwe.
3.3 Kukhudza kwa Mapeto a Pansi pa Mabowo pa PDI
Malo ozungulira kapena obowoka amachititsa kuti kukangana pakati pa phala lodyetsera chakudya ndi khoma la die kuwonjezereke, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti:
- Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri (kWh/tani)
- Kuchulukitsa kupanga bwino kwa zinthu panthawi yopaka pellet
- Kuchuluka kwa ma pellets osafanana
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, dzenje losalala, lobooledwa bwino limachepetsa kutentha komwe kumayambitsa kukangana, limathandiza kutulutsa ma pellet, komanso limathandizira kuti PDI ikhale yokwera. Kwa mafakitale aku Belarus omwe amagwira ntchito m'malo ozizira kwambiri, PDI yapamwamba ndi yofunika kwambiri chifukwa ma pellet ayenera kupirira kupsinjika kowonjezereka komanso kunyamula popanda kusweka kwambiri.
4. Nkhani Yopanga: Njira Yaukadaulo ndi Yogwirira Ntchito ya Makina Odyetsa a Hongyang
Liyang Hongyang Feed Machinery Co., Ltd. (yomwe tsopano ndi "Hongyang") idakhazikitsidwa mu 2006 ndipo imagwira ntchito yofufuza ndi chitukuko komanso kupanga ma ring dies, flat dies, pellet mills, hammer mills, ndi mixers. Mosiyana ndi ogulitsa makina ambiri, luso lalikulu la Hongyang lili pakupanga ma ring dies ndi ma rollers olondola kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo chakudya cha nkhuku ndi ziweto, chakudya cha m'madzi, chakudya cha ziweto, ndi ma biomass pellets.
4.1 Luso laukadaulo logwirizana ndi msika wa ku Belarus
- Kuchiza zinthu ndi kutentha: Hongyang imagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chapamwamba (monga X46Cr13) ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito vacuum quenching kuti ikhale yolimba komanso yokhalitsa. Kwa makasitomala aku Belarus, izi zikutanthauza kuti kusintha kwa die pa nyengo iliyonse yopangira ndi mtundu wa ma pellet nthawi zonse kumakhala kofanana.
- Kuboola mabowo akuya a CNC: Kampaniyo imagwiritsa ntchito makina oboola mabowo a CNC omwe amatha kupanga mabowo osalala komanso okhazikika bwino. Mphamvu imeneyi imathandizira mwachindunji zofunikira za PDI zapamwamba za njira zamakono zodyetsera nkhuku.
- Kusintha: Mapangidwe a Hongyang amafa ndi ma compression ratios enieni ndi mabowo opangidwa kuti agwirizane ndi mawonekedwe a zinthu zopangira za kasitomala. Kwa mafakitale aku Belarus omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito tirigu wosakaniza wakomweko (tirigu, barele) ndi ufa wa soya wochokera kunja, kusintha kumeneku ndikofunikira kwambiri.
- Zolemba zabwino: Disiki iliyonse imaperekedwa ndi satifiketi ya zinthu ndi malipoti oyesera kuuma, zomwe zimathandiza kasitomala kutsatira malamulo aukadaulo a EAEU (TR CU 010/2011 achitetezo cha makina, TR CU 004/2011 achitetezo chamagetsi).
4.2 Chidziwitso cha Kutumiza Zinthu Kunja ndi Kusintha kwa Msika wa EAEU
Zipangizo za Hongyang zatumizidwa ku Russia, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Syria, Iran, Egypt, Oman, ndi Senegal. Kufalikira kwa malo kumeneku kukuwonetsa kuthekera kwa kampaniyo kuyang'anira zofunikira zapadziko lonse lapansi, zolemba, ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za satifiketi.
Makamaka pamsika wa ku Belarus, zotsatirazi ndizofunikira:
- Thandizo la satifiketi: Hongyang imapereka zikalata zaukadaulo zothandizira pempho la kasitomala la satifiketi ya GOST-B (chizindikiro chogwirizana ndi EAEU chofunikira pakuitanitsa makina).
- Kayendetsedwe ka Zinthu: Zipangizo zolemera monga ma ring die pellet mills nthawi zambiri zimatumizidwa kudzera mu sitima yapamtunda pogwiritsa ntchito China-Europe Railway Express, ndipo Minsk ndi malo ofunikira kwambiri. Hongyang ali ndi luso lokonzekera zida zoyendera sitima zapamtunda wautali, kuphatikizapo kulongedza zinthu zoteteza dzimbiri komanso ma crate osagwedezeka.
- Utumiki wogulitsira pambuyo pogulitsa: Hongyang imatumiza mainjiniya kuti akaike pamalopo, akaike ntchito, komanso akaphunzitse ogwiritsa ntchito. Kwa makasitomala aku Belarus, njira iyi yogwirira ntchito imachepetsa chiopsezo chotenga makina apadera ochokera kunja.
4.3 Kapangidwe ka Zipangizo Zoyimira
Ngakhale kuti maumboni enieni a makasitomala aku Belarus sakuwululidwa poyera, kasinthidwe kabwino ka fakitole yodyetsera nkhuku yaku Belarus yomwe ikufuna kupanga chakudya cha nkhuku cha 5–10 t/h kangaphatikizepo:
- Chigayo chimodzi cha SZLH420 kapena SZLH508 ring die pellet, chokhala ndi gear drive yolondola kwambiri komanso ring die yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (m'mimba mwake mwa dzenje ndi 3.0–3.5 mm, chiŵerengero cha compression chogwirizana ndi kapangidwe kake).
- Zipangizo zothandizira: mphero ya hammer, chosakanizira cha batch, ma conditioner, counter-flow cooler, ndi vibrating seeve.
- Zotsatira zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa: kupanga kokhazikika pamlingo womwe mukufuna, PDI ≥ 92%, ndi moyo wautumiki wofanana ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi yapakati mpaka yapamwamba.
5. Kukambirana: Kuwunika Ubwino wa Ring Die wa Belarusian Feed Mills
Poyesa mphero ya ring die pellet kapena mphero yosinthira, oyang'anira mphero ya feed ya ku Belarus ayenera kuganizira zinthu zotsatirazi zaukadaulo ndi zamalonda:
1. Fotokozani tsatanetsatane wa zinthu zopangira: Perekani kwa wogulitsayo fomula yoyimira (mndandanda wa zinthu zopangira, kugawa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono) kuti chiŵerengero cha kupsinjika ndi mawonekedwe a dzenje zipangidwe bwino.
2. Pemphani satifiketi ya zinthu: Funsani malipoti oyesera mphero ndi mamapu olimba. Wogulitsa wodalirika adzapereka izi mosazengereza.
3. Tsimikizirani njira yobowolera mabowo: Kubowolera mabowo akuya a CNC pogwiritsa ntchito choziziritsira champhamvu kwambiri ndiye muyezo wa makampani omwe alipo panopa. Kubowola mfuti kapena kubowola kwa BTA kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa momveka bwino.
4. Yang'anani zikalata zotsatizana ndi EAEU: Onetsetsani kuti wogulitsa akhoza kupereka chikalata cha EAC declaration ndi pasipoti yaukadaulo mu Chirasha kapena Chingerezi.
5. Yesani momwe zinthu zimayendera pambuyo pogulitsa: Ku Belarus, nthawi yotumizira zida zosinthira komanso kupezeka kwa chithandizo chaukadaulo chakutali ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pakugwira ntchito.
6. Mapeto
Kugula mphero ya ring die pellet yopangira chakudya cha nkhuku ku Belarus ndi chisankho chofunikira kwambiri paukadaulo komanso malonda. Kulondola kwa kuboola mabowo a ring die ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa kulimba kwa pellet (PDI) ndipo, kuwonjezera apo, kukula kwa nkhuku komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama zomwe zimadyedwa. Opanga omwe amaphatikiza kuboola mabowo akuya a CNC, kutentha kolamulidwa, komanso kusintha kwa ntchito - monga Liyang Hongyang Feed Machinery Co., Ltd. - ali pamalo abwino oti akwaniritse zosowa za msika wa Belarus zomwe zikusintha.
Kwa opera chakudya ku Belarus, njira yopezera ma pellets abwino kwambiri a chakudya cha nkhuku imayamba ndi kuwunika mosamala kwambiri kwa mphete. Mwa kuyang'ana kwambiri pazigawo zoyezeka—kumaliza kwa dzenje pamwamba, kulondola kwa chiŵerengero cha kupsinjika, chitsimikizo cha zinthu, ndi kuthekera kwa ogulitsa pambuyo pogulitsa—mapellets amatha kupanga zisankho zogulira zomwe zimapereka phindu loyezeka mu mtundu wa pellet komanso kudalirika kwa ntchito.
Zolemba
1. EAEU Technical Regulations (TR CU 010/2011, TR CU 004/2011, TR CU 020/2011, TR EEU 048/2019).
2. Pangano la Mgwirizano wa Zachuma ndi Malonda pakati pa China ndi Yuropa (zofunikira pa msonkho).
3. Njira zoyezera Pellet Durability Index (PDI) (njira zoyesera za Pfost ndi Holmen).
4. Mabuku aukadaulo opanga mphete: Kuboola mabowo akuya a CNC, BTA ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kuboola mfuti m'makina odyetsera chakudya.
5. Liyang Hongyang Feed Machinery Co., Ltd. zolemba zaukadaulo zamakampani ndi mafotokozedwe azinthu.
6. HS Code 8436.10 – Makina a mafakitale a chakudya kapena zakumwa (magulu a makina opangira chakudya).
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Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-27-2026
